IPROC iproc Iproceedings 2369-6893 JMIR Publications Toronto, Canada v8i1e36641 10.2196/36641 Abstract Abstract Risk Factors Associated With Dengue in District Khyber, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, From September 2 to November 24, 2019: Case-Control Study Khader Yousef Ajam Saba DVM, MSc (Hons) 1
Directorate of Livestock & Dairy Development Department 138, Professor colony Khyber Pakhtunkhw Peshawar Pakistan 92 3009096767 fvopeshawar@hotmail.com
Khan Muhammad Qasim MSc, MPH 2 Ashraf Nosheen MBBS 3 Malik Muhammad Wasif MSc 3 Baig Zeeshan Iqbal MPH 4 Ranjha Muazzam Abbas 3 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0196-1180 Chaudhary Ambreen 4 Khan Mumtaz Ali MSc, MPH 3 Ansari Jamil A MBBS 4 Ikram Aamer PhD 3 Directorate of Livestock & Dairy Development Department Peshawar Pakistan Disease Surveillance and Response Unit Peshawar Pakistan National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program Islamabad Pakistan Corresponding Author: Saba Ajam fvopeshawar@hotmail.com Jan-Dec 2022 21 2 2022 8 1 e36641 19 1 2022 24 1 2022 ©Saba Ajam, Muhammad Qasim Khan, Nosheen Ashraf, Muhammad Wasif Malik, Zeeshan Iqbal Baig, Muazzam Abbas Ranjha, Ambreen Chaudhary, Mumtaz Ali Khan, Jamil A Ansari, Aamer Ikram. Originally published in Iproceedings (https://www.iproc.org), 21.02.2022. 2022

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 Background

Dengue is a vector-borne disease endemic to Pakistan as well as to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 300 confirmed cases of dengue were reported in District Khyber in 2019, where a prompt response was initiated by the Disease Surveillance and Response Unit. Subsequently, a study was planned to identify the risk factors associated with dengue and to propose recommendations for containment of the disease.

 Objective

This study aimed to assess the risk factors associated with dengue in District Khyber and to provide recommendations for improving the existing system and preventing dengue.

 Methods

A case-control study was conducted in District Khyber from September 2 to November 24, 2019. Cases were enrolled from health care facilities based on predefined criteria, which included the presence of clinical signs and symptoms as well as laboratory confirmation of dengue NS1 antigen. Controls were enrolled from the community at a case-control ratio of 1:2. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire in face-to-face interviews.

 Results

A total of 300 cases were enrolled; 87% (263) of cases were men. This study found that 45% (269/601; odds ratio [OR] 15, 95% CI 9.9-24.07; P<.001) of enrolled participants did not use bed nets and 39% (236/601; OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.4; P<.001) did not use mosquito repellents. A total of 39% (233/601; OR 16.6, 95% CI 11.11-24.93; P<.001) of enrolled participants who tested positive for dengue were neighbors, 35% (213/601; OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.04-2.0; P<.001) lived in a joint family, and 40% (241/601; OR 3.32, 95% CI 2.3-4.7; P<.001) slept outdoors; these factors were significantly associated with dengue.

 Conclusions

Dengue is a preventable disease and can be controlled by the proper use of bed nets and mosquito repellents, modification of sleeping habits, and improvement in family structure. Dengue management training for health care personnel and community awareness are recommended.

 bed nets mosquito repellent