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<article article-type="abstract" dtd-version="2.0" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IPROC</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">iproc</journal-id>
      <journal-title>Iproceedings</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2369-6893</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>JMIR Publications</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>Toronto, Canada</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">v8i1e41472</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="pmid"/>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2196/41472</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Abstract</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Abstract</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Measuring Client Satisfaction With Digital Services: Validity and Reliability of a Short-Form Digital Tool</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinesen</surname>
            <given-names>Birthe</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib id="contrib1" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Pedersen</surname>
            <given-names>Henrik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
          <address>
            <institution>Department of Mental Health</institution>
            <institution>Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet - NTNU</institution>
            <addr-line>Olav Kyrres gate 9</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Trondheim</addr-line>
            <country>Norway</country>
            <phone>47 91697343</phone>
            <email>henrik.pedersen@ntnu.no</email>
          </address>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0283-6760</ext-link>
        </contrib>
        <contrib id="contrib2" contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Havnen</surname>
            <given-names>Audun</given-names>
          </name>
          <degrees>PhD</degrees>
          <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib id="contrib3" contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Lara-Cabrera</surname>
            <given-names>Mariela Loreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <degrees>PhD</degrees>
          <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution>Department of Mental Health</institution>
        <institution>Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet - NTNU</institution>
        <addr-line>Trondheim</addr-line>
        <country>Norway</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution>Department of Psychology</institution>
        <institution>Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet - NTNU</institution>
        <addr-line>Trondheim</addr-line>
        <country>Norway</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp>Corresponding Author: Henrik Pedersen <email>henrik.pedersen@ntnu.no</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jan-Dec</season>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>8</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>8</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e41472</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>7</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>8</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <copyright-statement>©Henrik Pedersen, Audun Havnen, Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera. Originally published in Iproceedings (https://www.iproc.org), 23.08.2022.</copyright-statement>
      <copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
        <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in Iproceedings, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.iproc.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.</p>
      </license>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.iproc.org/2022/1/e41472" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <abstract>
        <sec sec-type="background">
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Because of the COVID-19 pandemic’s preventive measures, mental health care services were forced to reorganize and develop remote telehealth services. This led to newer modes of receiving treatment, both internet-based and video-based therapies, to meet patients’ need for help, while at the same time keeping the COVID-19 pandemic under control. This shift calls for an evaluation of the patient experience during times of increased use of novel approaches of receiving treatment. Brief evaluation forms are ideal for this purpose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="objective">
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>As there are no validated brief measurement tools to evaluate patient-reported experiences in Norwegian mental health settings, we aimed to explore the internal consistency and factor validity of the 4-item self-administrated Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-4).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We examined the internal consistency and factor structure of a brief digitally administrated patient satisfaction measure in a sample of 145 outpatients in Norwegian mental health settings during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="results">
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The internal consistency of a digital Norwegian CSQ-4 was high, with a Cronbach α of .92. A clear unidimensional structure (eigenvalue=3.22), which explained 80.4% of the variance, emerged from our data. A Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test found a nonsignificant difference in satisfaction between genders (<italic>U</italic>=2546.5; <italic>P</italic>=.17). A Spearman rank correlation between satisfaction and age in our data was not statistically significant (<italic>r</italic><sub>144</sub>=.110, <italic>P</italic>=.19).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>A measurement tool such as the CSQ-4 would be a valuable resource to improve the development and application of digital mental health services. Our results may support the use of the Norwegian CSQ-4 as a valid and reliable measure of satisfaction with mental health care services. In addition, as the CSQ-4 is a short-form and generic tool, it can be implemented in a wide range of routine evaluations of patient-reported satisfaction with telehealth services.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>digital mental health services</kwd>
        <kwd>patient satisfaction</kwd>
        <kwd>telehealth</kwd>
        <kwd>reliability</kwd>
        <kwd>validity</kwd>
        <kwd>patient-reported experience</kwd>
        <kwd>digital health care</kwd>
        <kwd>scale development</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <back>
    <app-group/>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
        <p>None declared.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
</article>
